How to identify if I have the necessary tools and access to practice self-care?

Definition and scope of self-care

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines self-care as the ability of individuals, families, and communities to promote and maintain health and to prevent and cope with diseases, with or without the support of a health or care worker. It is fundamental to understand that self-care does not replace the health system, but rather complements it. To assess whether you possess the necessary tools, you must distinguish between self-care measures (habits and lifestyle choices) and self-care interventions (evidence-based tools, such as certain devices or tests), as the latter require a conducive environment and, often, specific knowledge for their safe use.

Identification of individual barriers: health literacy

A major obstacle is health literacy. According to the WHO, health literacy is understood as the ability to access and understand health-related information and services, and to evaluate and use them in ways that promote and maintain good health. It is not just about being able to read, but about thinking critically, interacting, and expressing needs. Even people with good general reading skills may face problems when they are not familiar with medical terminology or must interpret statistics to assess risks. If you feel that health information is confusing or technical, you likely have a gap in this area that requires additional support before applying complex interventions.

Assessment of digital literacy and the technology gap

Digital literacy has become a key determinant. Electronic tools allow for better self-care and greater participation in decision-making. However, there is a digital divide that affects those who have difficulties navigating technology successfully, understanding digital language, or accessing the internet. In Spain, although many digital services such as electronic prescriptions and advance booking are positively valued, not all citizens can benefit from them equally. This divide is not only age-related but also socioeconomic: a lack of connectivity or adequate devices can prevent the use of digital health resources, which is sometimes mistakenly interpreted as a lack of interest on the part of the patient.

Verification of access to support services and conducive environments

To perform self-care activities safely, you need to verify if the intervention requires professional support. The WHO indicates that some measures, such as handwashing, do not require contact with a health worker. Others, such as obtaining a prescription or receiving counseling after a test, may need the support of the health system. You must check if your environment allows you to access this complementary support, whether in person, by phone, or online, depending on local regulations. A conducive environment also includes factors from other sectors, such as education and justice, which influence your ability to make informed decisions.

Action plan to close identified gaps

It is important to remember that health literacy is a health determinant that influences inequalities. Improving it is not solely an individual responsibility; information providers, including health services, must offer reliable and understandable information. If you detect that the information is not clear or that the digital environment is not accessible, this reflects a need for institutional or community support beyond your personal effort.

The digital divide can be exacerbated if citizens and professionals are not involved in designing solutions. To close identified gaps, it is useful to seek training resources, for both professionals and users, that emphasize the importance of incorporating digital knowledge. This contributes to making technology a means for empowerment and health management, and not an additional barrier.